Causa e reciprocidade nos contratos eletrônicos : uma análise sobre o sinalagma e sobre a intermediação das plataformas

Causa é termo polissêmico que, por diversas vezes, foi utilizado como justificativa para “justiça” nos negócios jurídicos, em especial um de seus significados estudado e utilizado por Aristóteles, a causa como sinalagma, uma identificação de reciprocidade entre as prestações nos negócios jurídicos bilaterais, os contratos. Após a retomada dos estudos dos textos gregos na Idade Média, em especial por São Tomás de Aquino, houve um abandono gradual da teoria aristotélico-tomista, principalmente com o surgimento do individualismo jurídico. Passados os anos, verifica-se, contudo, que o abandono da teoria de justiça comutativa descrita em Aristóteles foi um equívoco, devendo ser retomada como base de uma teoria de justiça na análise dos contratos, em especial com as novas formas eletrônicas que surgiram nas últimas décadas. E tais formas surgiram não apenas com a virtualização dos contratos, mas com mudanças culturais e econômicas, principalmente com o surgimento das plataformas. Em uma economia de compartilhamento, as plataformas passaram a intermediar as relações entre diversas partes, funcionando como gatekeepers dessas novas formas de relação em escala global. O presente estudo analisa a aplicabilidade da reciprocidade (causa sinalagmática) para a hermenêutica jurídica dessas novas contratações que contam com as plataformas como intermediários, em casos já analisados pelo judiciário, como o Airbnb, e em novas contratações, como o financiamento coletivo (crowdfunding) e contratos de compartilhamento de transporte.Cause is a polysemic term that, on several occasions, has been used as means for “justice” in legal business, in particular the one studied and used by Aristotle, the cause as synallagma, an identification of reciprocity between bilateral legal business, contracts. After the resumption of studies of Greek texts in the Middle Ages, especially by Saint Thomas Aquinas, there was a gradual abandonment of the Aristotelian-Thomist theory, in particular with the emergence of legal-individualism. Over the years, it can be identified, however, that this abandonment of a theory of commutative justice described by Aristotle was a mistake and it should be resumed as a basis of a theory of justice in the analysis of contracts, especially in the new electronic means that emerged in the last decades. And these means emerged not only by the virtualization of contracts, but particularly by the emergence of platforms. In a sharing economy, platforms mediate business between different parties, acting as gatekeepers of these new means of relationships on a global scale. This study analyzes the applicability of reciprocity (synallagmatic cause) as for the legal hermeneutics of these new contracts that has platforms as mediators, in cases already judge by the Courts, as for Airbnb, and in new means of contracts, as crowdfunding and transport sharing

Aprendizagem Organizacional: Um Enfoque acerca da Abordagem Social da Aprendizagem e o Elemento “Emoção”

A abordagem da Aprendizagem Organizacional (AO) vem se destacando nos últimos anos na área dos Estudos Organizacionais. É nesse contexto que emergiram diversas perspectivas da AO, com a intenção de tentar explicar seus principais conceitos e processos. Desta forma, surgiram múltiplos enfoques na área de AO, tornando-a uma temática complexa e até mesmo confusa. Tendo em vista que a abordagem social da aprendizagem considera o sujeito como um ser em constante atividade e interação, que encontra-se inserido em um contexto sociocultural, é que o elemento emoção torna-se importante de ser discutido. Diante disso, o objetivo deste trabalho é de fornecer caminhos para a compreensão do elemento emoção para AO, enfatizando o valor de tal fator para a aprendizagem no contexto organizacional. Desta forma, a partir de pesquisa bibliográfica, realizou-se um ensaio teórico, abrangendo algumas abordagens de AO em que elemento emoção tem influência no processo de AO

Clinic-epidemiological analysis of an Otorhinolaryngology Emergency Unit Care in a Tertiary Hospital

AbstractEmergencies are common in our Otorhinolaringology specialty. However, the clinical and epidemiological features are not very well known.ObjectivesTo evaluate the clinical and epidemiological profiles of otorhinolaryngological disorders in an emergency unit of a tertiary hospital, and to determine the appropriateness of the level of health care for a tertiary hospital.Materials and methodsAn analytical study using data records of an otorhinolaryngological emergency unit at a tertiary hospital in the Federal District for a year, full time, and no screening. The age, sex, arrival time and clinical diagnosis were evaluated. The entities were separated into cases of pharingolaryngoesthomatology, otology, rhinology, and head and neck surgery. These were evaluated according to the urgency level, the required care, and the arrival time.Results26,584 data records were selected, of which 2,001 were excluded. The group comprised 54.48% women, and 45.51% men. Otological complaints (62.27%) prevailed. 61.26% of cases were considered emergencies. Only 9.7% of those required medium or high complex resources for resolution.ConclusionThe study showed that 61.26% of the otorhinolaryngological cases are emergencies, and only 9.7% required medium or high complexity resources

Dataset of EEG power integral, spontaneous recurrent seizure and behavioral responses following combination drug therapy in soman-exposed rats.

This article investigated the efficacy of the combination of antiepileptic drug therapy in protecting against soman-induced seizure severity, epileptogenesis and performance deficits. Adult male rats with implanted telemetry transmitters for continuous recording of electroencephalographic (EEG) activity were exposed to soman and treated with atropine sulfate and the oxime HI-6 one minute after soman exposure and with midazolam, ketamine and/or valproic acid 40 min after seizure onset. Rats exposed to soman and treated with medical countermeasures were evaluated for survival, seizure severity, the development of spontaneous recurrent seizure and performance deficits; combination anti-epileptic drug therapy was compared with midazolam monotherapy. Telemetry transmitters were used to record EEG activity, and a customized MATLAB algorithm was used to analyze the telemetry data. Survival data, EEG power integral data, spontaneous recurrent seizure data and behavioral data are illustrated in figures and included as raw data. In addition, edf files of one month telemetry recordings from soman-exposed rats treated with delayed midazolam are provided as supplementary materials. Data presented in this article are related to research articles "Rational Polytherapy in the Treatment of Cholinergic Seizures" [1] and "Early polytherapy for benzodiazepine-refractory status epilepticus [4]

Early polytherapy for benzodiazepine-refractory status epilepticus.

The transition from single seizures to status epilepticus (SE) is associated with malaptive trafficking of synaptic gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABAA) and glutamate receptors. The receptor trafficking hypothesis proposes that these changes are key events in the development of pharmacoresistance to antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) during SE, and that blocking their expression will help control drug-refractory SE (RSE). We tested this hypothesis in a model of SE induced by very high-dose lithium and pilocarpine (RSE), and in a model of SE induced by sc soman. Both models are refractory to benzodiazepines when treated 40 min after seizure onset. Our treatments aimed to correct the loss of inhibition because of SE-associated internalization of synaptic GABAA receptors (GABAAR), using an allosteric GABAAR modulator, sometimes supplemented by an AED acting at a nonbenzodiazepine site. At the same time, we reduced excitation because of increased synaptic localization of NMDA and AMPA (?-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid and N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptors (NMDAR, AMPAR (?-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors)) with an NMDAR channel blocker, since AMPAR changes are NMDAR-dependent. Treatment of RSE with combinations of the GABAAR allosteric modulators midazolam or diazepam and the NMDAR antagonists dizocilpine or ketamine terminated RSE unresponsive to high-dose monotherapy. It also reduced RSE-associated neuronal injury, spatial memory deficits, and the occurrence of spontaneous recurrent seizures (SRS), tested several weeks after SE. Treatment of soman-induced SE also reduced seizures, behavioral deficits, and epileptogenesis. Addition of an AED further improved seizure outcome in both models. Three-dimensional isobolograms demonstrated positive cooperativity between midazolam, ketamine, and valproate, without any interaction between the toxicity of these drugs, so that the therapeutic index was increased by combination therapy. The midazolam-ketamine-valproate combination based on the receptor trafficking hypothesis was far more effective in stopping RSE than the midazolam-fosphenytoin-valproate combination inspired from clinical guidelines for the treatment of SE. Furthermore, sequential administration of midazolam, ketamine, and valproate was far less effective than simultaneous treatment with the same drugs at the same dose. These data suggest that treatment of RSE should be based at least in part on its pathophysiology. The search for a better treatment should focus on the cause of pharmacoresistance, which is loss of synaptic GABAAR and gain of synaptic glutamate receptors. Both need to be treated. Monotherapy addresses only half the problem. Improved pharmacokinetics will not help pharmacoresistance because of loss of receptors. Waiting for one drug to fail before giving the second drugs gives pharmacoresistance time to develop. Future clinical trials should consider treating both the failure of inhibition and the runaway excitation which characterize RSE, and should include an early polytherapy arm. This article is part of the Special Issue "Proceedings of the 7th London-Innsbruck Colloquium on Status Epilepticus and Acute Seizures"

Rational polytherapy in the treatment of cholinergic seizures.

The initiation and maintenance phases of cholinergic status epilepticus (SE) are associated with maladaptive trafficking of synaptic GABAA and glutamate receptors. The resulting pharmacoresistance reflects a decrease in synaptic GABAA receptors and increase in NMDA and AMPA receptors, which tilt the balance between inhibition and excitation in favor of the latter. If these changes are important to the pathophysiology of SE, both should be treated, and blocking their consequences should have therapeutic potential. We used a model of benzodiazepine-refractory SE (RSE) (Tetz et al., 2006) and a model of soman-induced SE to test this hypothesis. Treatment of RSE with combinations of the GABAAR agonists midazolam or diazepam and the NMDAR antagonists MK-801 or ketamine terminated RSE unresponsive to high-dose monotherapy with benzodiazepines, ketamine or other antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). It also reduced RSE-associated neuronal injury, spatial memory deficits and the occurrence of spontaneous recurrent seizures (SRS), tested several weeks after SE. Treatment of sc soman-induced SE similarly showed much greater reduction of EEG power by a combination of midazolam with ketamine, compared to midazolam monotherapy. When treating late (40 min after seizure onset), there may not be enough synaptic GABAAR left to be able to restore inhibition with maximal GABAAR stimulation, and further benefit is derived from the addition of an AED which increases inhibition or reduces excitation by a non-GABAergic mechanism. The midazolam-ketamine-valproate combination is effective in terminating RSE. 3-D isobolograms demonstrate positive cooperativity between midazolam, ketamine and valproate, without any interaction between the toxicity of these drugs, so that the therapeutic index is increased by combination therapy between GABAAR agonist, NMDAR antagonist and selective AEDs. We compared this drug combination based on the receptor trafficking hypothesis to treatments based on clinical practice. The midazolam-ketamine-valproate combination is far more effective in stopping RSE than the midazolam-fosphenytoin-valproate combination inspired from clinical guidelines. Furthermore, sequential administration of midazolam, ketamine and valproate is far less effective than simultaneous treatment with the same drugs at the same dose. These data suggest that we should re-evaluate our traditional treatment of RSE, and that treatment should be based on pathophysiology. The search for a better drug has to deal with the fact that most monotherapy leaves half the problem untreated. The search for a better benzodiazepine should acknowledge the main cause of pharmacoresistance, which is loss of synaptic GABAAR. Future clinical trials should consider treating both the failure of inhibition and the runaway excitation which characterize RSE, and should include an early polytherapy arm

SEMEADURA IN VITRO E FORMAÇÃO DE PROTOCORMOS de Cattleya aclandiae, ORQUÍDEA BRASILEIRA ENDÊMICA VULNERÁVEL, EM DIFERENTES MEIOS NUTRITIVOS

Objetivou-se neste trabalho avaliar duas fórmulas de meio nutritivo com a presença ou ausência de polpa de banana madura para a semeadura in vitro de Cattleya aclandiae. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos e dez repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos de meio nutritivo ½ MS ou o fertilizante Peters NPK 10-30-20, acrescidos ou não de 60 g L-1 de polpa de banana madura. Aos 120 após a semeadura foram avaliados os percentuais de germinação, de protocormos sobreviventes e de protocormos com raízes. Os dados gerados foram submetidos a análise estatística e as médias separadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade de erro. O meio nutritivo ½ MS suplementado com polpa de banana favoreceu a germinação das sementes de Cattleya aclandiae para todas as características investigadas, e é recomendada para a propagação massal desta orquídea

COMPORTAMENTO SEXUAL DE JOVENS UNIVERSITÁRIOS DO CURSO DE ENFERMAGEM FRENTE ÀS IST/AIDS NO INTERIOR DO ESTADO DO RIO DE JANEIRO

Objetivo: Descrever o comportamento sexual dos jovens universitários do curso de enfermagem. Materiais e Métodos: Estudo de campo, descritivo, quantitativa, realizado com 74 jovens universitários do curso de Enfermagem, de um centro universitário localizado na região sul fluminense/RJ. Aplicado questionário de caracterização socioeconômica, saberes e práticas sexuais. A análise dos dados foi realizada por meio de estatística descritiva simples com auxílio do software Excel. Resultados: No que diz respeito ao comportamento sexual, 61 jovens (82,4%) responderam que já iniciaram atividade sexual. Sobre ter mais que um parceiro sexual ao longo da vida, 54% confirmaram tal afirmativa. Nos últimos 12 meses, 75,4% tiveram relações sexuais, e 37,7% tiveram parceiros casuais, no mesmo período. Em relação ao número de parceiros casuais nos últimos 12 meses, 11,4% afirmaram ter tido contato com mais que cinco parceiros casuais. Com relação às práticas de prevenção, 73,7% dos estudantes negligenciaram o uso do preservativo na primeira relação sexual, 62,2% referem não fazer uso em todas as relações sexuais, e 24,5% não utilizaram preservativo durante a relação sexual com parceiros casuais. Conclusão: Apesar dos jovens estarem inseridos em um curso de nível superior da área da saúde apresentam comportamento sexual de risco que os tornam vulneráveis às IST. Percebe-se assim o quão importante se faz esse estudo para implantação de medidas socioeducativas e ampliar a discussão no ambiente universitário